L.11 CYTOCROM C COMPARISION LAB

INTRODUCTION:

Genes are made of DNA and are inherited from parent to offspring. Soma DNA sequences code form RNA which, in turn, codes for the amino acid sequence of proteins. Cytochrome C is a protein involved in using energy in the cell. Cytochrome C is found in most, if not all, known eukaryotes. Over time, random mutations in the DNA sequence occur. As a result, the amino acid sequence of Cytochrome C also changes. Cells without usable Cytochrome C are unlikely to survive. 

Cytochrome C is associated with the inter membrane of the mitochondrion. It is a small protein from eucaryote cell.  

the function is to  produce energy, is a part of a electron transport chain (ATP).

Our propose is to compare the relatedness between organism by examining the amino acids sequence in the protein, Cytochrome C. 

PROCEDURE:

- Compare the amino acid sequence of Cytochrome C in various organism. 

- Make a branching tree, or cladogram. 

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

QUESTIONS:

1.- How many Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences are there between chickens and turkeys?

0 differences.

2.- Make a branching tree for chikens, penguins, and turkeys. 

3.- a) Predict the number of Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences you would expect to see between 

- horse and zebra: 1 or 2

- donkey and zebra: 1 or 2

b) what other information did you use to make this prediction? 

They can reproduce, the offspring is fertile, comparing the organs or anatomic proofs, comparing embryos.

4.- Explain why more closely related organism have more similar Cytochrome C.

Not so long ago that there have been separated and many mutations. There are fewer differences in DNA.

5.- Other data including other genes, suggests that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants. What are some reasons that the Cytochrome C data suggests that fungi, plants, and animals are equally distantly related?

If you have more than 40, suffered a lot of mutations and can not be compared. If Compares other proteins, there are other changes and we can not draw more conclusions.